Silicon Anodes with Improved Calendar Life Enabled By Multivalent Additives

Silicon is widely recognized as the most promising upgrade for graphite anodes due to its much higher capacity, natural abundance, and ability be directly applied in slurry-based, roll-to-roll production lines. However, addition fast capacity decay, silicon also suffer from inferior calendar life practical applications unstable solid-electrode interface (SEI). Until now, strategies effectively improve by tailored SEIs remain largely unclear, especially high-Si content, zero-graphite anodes. Here, with superior are developed adding small concentrations of multivalent salts into baseline electrolyte. The Ca additive reacts F ions electrolyte, forming a layer nanocrystalline CaF2 that closely coated around particles. CaF2-enabled new SEI strong dense, which protects core side reactions, leading lower decay after aging at high voltage. More importantly, effective universally all available commercial or SiO sources. This study provides feasible low-cost solution developing long life, paving way towards commercially viable